grammar

Iberian or Latin American Spanish?

When it comes to learning Spanish, one of the first questions that our students often ask us is whether to focus on Iberian Spanish or Latin American Spanish. While both varieties of Spanish are derived from the same roots, there are some key differences between the two.

Firstly, it's important to note that Spanish is the official language of 21 countries, including Spain, Mexico, Argentina, and Colombia, among others. Iberian Spanish refers to the Spanish spoken in Spain, while Latin American Spanish refers to the Spanish spoken in the Americas.

Here are some of the main differences

Pronunciation and Vocabulary

One of the most noticeable differences between Iberian and Latin American Spanish is pronunciation. While both varieties use the same alphabet, there are differences in how letters are pronounced, especially the letters "c" and "z" and the "s" sound. For example, in Spain, the "c" and "z" are pronounced with a "th" sound (the closer we can get in English), while in Latin America, they are pronounced like an "s".

There are also differences in vocabulary between the two. In some cases, words have different meanings or are used differently in Spain compared to Latin America. For example, in Spain, the word "coche" is used to refer to a car, while in Latin America, the words "carro" (Mexico) or auto (South American) are more commonly used. Similarly, in Spain, the word "ordenador" is used to refer to a computer, while in Latin America, "computadora" is more commonly used.

Grammar

Another difference between Iberian and Latin American Spanish is grammar. In general, the grammar rules are the same, but there are some differences in usage. For example, in Latin America, the past simple tense is used more frequently than the present perfect tense, while in Spain, the present perfect tense is used more often. There are also differences in the use of pronouns and in the way that reflexive verbs are used.

Culture

Finally, it's important to note that there are also cultural differences between the two varieties of Spanish. These differences can be seen in everything from the way that people greet each other to the food that is eaten. For example, in Spain, it is common to greet someone with a kiss on each cheek, while in Latin America, a handshake is more common. Similarly, the food that is eaten in Spain is different from the food that is eaten in Latin America, with each region having its own unique cuisine and culinary traditions.

In a nutshell

While Iberian and Latin American Spanish are both variations of the same language, there are differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and culture. Ultimately, which variety of Spanish you choose to focus on will depend on your personal preferences and goals. Regardless of which one you choose to focus on it is important that you understand all varieties of Spanish and a good school / tutor will make sure you are exposed to different regional varieties. Also, note that things like a permanent accent is something you will pick up later in your journey, so this is not something you should worry about when you begin your studies.

Ser or estar — that is the question

You might be aware that Spanish has two ways of expressing the verb to be: ser and estar. This is something that puzzles most beginners, and that many advanced students continue to find difficult as they progress with their studies. This difficulty is generally made worse by the fact that the use of these two verbs is generally simplified in this way: 

  • Ser is permanent

  • Estar is temporary

While this is truth, it is only partially truth. How would this explain a sentence like “Mi casa está en Hackney” (My house is in Hackney)? The location of my house is permanent, so it can't be explained with the opposition between ser as permanent and estar as temporary. 

A better way of thinking about these two verbs is thinking of two different functions that explain the vast majority of its uses: qualifying versus locating

QUALIFYING

When we want to say how a thing or someone is we are qualifying. And here the opposition between permanent and temporary is true. 

We use ser when we understand something to be intrinsically related to the thing or person we are qualifying. It is important to note that we aren’t talking permanent and temporary from a scientific point of view here, but about how Spanish speakers perceive these things to be.  If I say “Soy Español” (I am Spanish) I understand that this is something that I can’t change. It’s not like it will go away. If I say “Soy delgado” (I am thin) it means that I am generally this way. 

On the other hand, estar is used to talk about states. A state is something that can change. If I say “Estoy enfermo” (I am sick) I understand that I wasn’t always sick, and that I will very likely stop being sick at some point. The same with “Estoy cansado” (I am tired) — I will at some point stop being tired. 

Sometimes I can use both verbs to qualify things or persons. What do you think is the difference between “Soy delgado” and “Estoy delgado”? In English you would need another word to make this difference clear. “Soy delgado” means I am thin always. That is just the way I am. Whereas “Estoy delgado” means I am thin now, because I have lost weight, for example. 

This is the opposition between ser as permanent and estar as temporary. Let’s see what other things we can do with these two verbs. 

LOCATING

Both verbs can be used to locate

I can use ser to locate events. An event is something that happens in time and space. I can use ser to locate an event in time and space. I can, for example, say “La fiesta es en mi casa” (The party is in my house). Here I am locating an event (the party), in space (my house). I can also say “La fiesta es a las 9:00” (The party is at 9:00). Here I am locating an event (the party), in time (9:00). 

When it comes to things or people, which can only be located in space, we use estar. For that reason I would say “Mi casa está en Hackney” (My house is in Hackney) or “Londres está en el Reino Unido” (London is in the UK). 

See that these uses of ser and estar can’t be explained with permanent versus temporary? 

TO SUM UP

These are the two functions that will help you get right 99% of the uses of ser and estar:

  • QUALIFICATION: SER — PERMANENT // ESTAR — TEMPORARY

  • LOCATION: EVENTS — SER // THINGS — ESTAR

We hope this helps and if you need more help feel free to drop us an email or take some classes with us!

Happy learning!